Explain About Grub.conf file in Redhat Linux Server

Grub.conf file it has 7 lines. there default file format.

timeout=5

splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.

title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-53.el5)

root (hd0,0)

kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-53.el5 roroot=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00

initrd /initrd-2.6.18-53.el5.img

FIRST LINE: timeout=5
while the system boot it will wait up to 5 second user to select the kernel.

SECOND LINE: splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.
it will load the (hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.  image as the background when we were booting the OS
How to create teh splash.xpm.gz Image
#convert imagelocation.png -resize 640x480 -colors 14 splash.xpm
#gzip splash.xpm

THIRD LINE:title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-53.el5)
It will give the kernel label as the “title Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server (2.6.18-53.el5)”

FOURTH LINE:root (hd0,0)
Here (hdx,y) x -> Hard Drive y-> Partition
we need to give the Correct partition
otherwise it will through following error message
Error 22: No such partition

FIFTH LINE:kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-53.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 rhgb quiet
it will load the kernel image and mount root file system as mention in root=
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 refer to the logical volume root file system located in these logical volume.
And kernal execute /sbin/init process it is parent process PID is 1.

SIX LINE:initrd /initrd-2.6.18-53.el5.img
initrd it has executable driver module.
initrd Intilize the Ram Disk
if we face the any problem to load initrd we need to reinstall by using mkinitrd.

Installation of Oracle Applications R12.1.1 on Linux

The below article is step by step procedure to Install oracle E-Business suite R12.1.1 on Oracle Enterprise Linux 5.6 (32-bit) 
This is a single node Installation. (All services will be hosting on same machine 0 db, conc, web, forms etc)

- Requires 80 GB of free space for fresh installation (excluding stage area)
- Requires 100+ GB of free space for vision installation (excl. stage)

I will split this configuration in 2 steps:


1) Perform all operating system per-requisites
2) Install oracle E-business suite R12.1.1




Perform all operating system per-requisites:

>> create OS group, user and directories:

[root@oraerp1 ~]# groupadd dbaerp
[root@oraerp1 ~]# useradd -G dbaerp applerp
[root@oraerp1 ~]# useradd -G dbaerp oraerp
[root@oraerp1 ~]# passwd applerp
Changing password for user applerp.
New UNIX password: 
BAD PASSWORD: it is based on a dictionary word
Retype new UNIX password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@oraerp1 ~]# passwd oraerp
Changing password for user oraerp.
New UNIX password: 
BAD PASSWORD: it is based on a dictionary word
Retype new UNIX password: 
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@oraerp1 ~]# mkdir /u01/applR12
[root@oraerp1 ~]# mkdir /u01/oraR12
[root@oraerp1 ~]# chmod -R 775 /u01/applR12/
[root@oraerp1 ~]# chmod -R 775 /u01/oraR12
[root@oraerp1 ~]# chown -R applerp:dbaerp /u01/applR12/
[root@oraerp1 ~]# chown -R oraerp:dbaerp /u01/oraR12/
[root@oraerp1 ~]# 

>> configure kernel parameters (Edit /etc/sysctl.conf file):

#All below kernel parameters are related to oracle E-biz
#################
kernel.shmall = 268435456
kernel.shmmax = 429496729
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 256 32000 100 142
fs.file-max = 327679
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10000 65000
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 4194304
:wq

[root@oraerp1]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf 
*       hard    nofile 65536
*       soft    nofile 4096
*       hard    nproc  16384
*       soft    nproc  2047
:wq

[root@oraerp1 ~]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 2
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.shmmax = 4294967295
kernel.shmall = 268435456
kernel.shmmax = 429496729
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 256 32000 100 142
fs.file-max = 327679
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10000 65000
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 4194304
[root@oraerp1 ~]# 

>> Install OS required OS packages (rpm's)

If selected all packages same as the above shown linux Installation package selection, then just need to Install the below rpm's:

[root@oraerp1 Server]# ls -l unixODBC*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 850413 Nov 17  2010 unixODBC-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 761234 Nov 17  2010 unixODBC-devel-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 573232 Nov 17  2010 unixODBC-kde-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm
[root@oraerp1 Server]# rpm -ivh unixODBC-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm 
warning: unixODBC-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:unixODBC               ########################################### [100%]

[root@oraerp1 Server]# rpm -ivh unixODBC-devel-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm
warning: unixODBC-devel-2.2.11-7.1.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:unixODBC-devel         ########################################### [100%]

[root@oraerp1 Server]# ls -l openmotif*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1374499 Nov 17  2010 openmotif22-2.2.3-18.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1610158 Nov  3  2010 openmotif-2.3.1-5.el5_5.1.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3102338 Nov  3  2010 openmotif-devel-2.3.1-5.el5_5.1.i386.rpm
[root@oraerp1 Server]# rpm -ivh openmotif22-2.2.3-18.i386.rpm
warning: openmotif22-2.2.3-18.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
error: Failed dependencies:
        libXp.so.6 is needed by openmotif22-2.2.3-18.i386

[root@oraerp1 Server]# ls -l libXp*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 22852 Nov 17  2010 libXp-1.0.0-8.1.el5.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15103 Nov 17  2010 libXp-devel-1.0.0-8.1.el5.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 46410 Nov 17  2010 libXpm-3.5.5-3.i386.rpm
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31307 Nov 17  2010 libXpm-devel-3.5.5-3.i386.rpm

[root@oraerp1 Server]# rpm -ivh libXp-1.0.0-8.1.el5.i386.rpm
warning: libXp-1.0.0-8.1.el5.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:libXp                  ########################################### [100%]
[root@oraerp1 Server]# rpm -ivh libXp-devel-1.0.0-8.1.el5.i386.rpm
warning: libXp-devel-1.0.0-8.1.el5.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:libXp-devel            ########################################### [100%]

[root@oraerp1 Server]# rpm -ivh openmotif22-2.2.3-18.i386.rpm
warning: openmotif22-2.2.3-18.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:openmotif22            ########################################### [100%]

[root@oraerp1 Server]# rpm -ivh libaio-devel-0.3.106-5.i386.rpm
warning: libaio-devel-0.3.106-5.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:libaio-devel           ########################################### [100%]

[root@oraerp1 Server]# ls -l sysstat-7.0.2-3.el5_5.1.i386.rpm 
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 174229 Nov 17  2010 sysstat-7.0.2-3.el5_5.1.i386.rpm
[root@oraerp1 Server]# rpm -ivh sysstat-7.0.2-3.el5_5.1.i386.rpm
warning: sysstat-7.0.2-3.el5_5.1.i386.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 1e5e0159
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:sysstat                ########################################### [100%]
[root@oraerp1 Server]# 

>> download and Install patch "6078836" from MOS:

[root@oraerp1 6078836]# pwd
/u01/sw_home/6078836
[root@oraerp1 6078836]# ls
libdb.so.2  README.txt
[root@oraerp1 6078836]# ls -l /usr/lib/libdb.so.2
ls: /usr/lib/libdb.so.2: No such file or directory
[root@oraerp1 6078836]# cp libdb.so.2 /usr/lib/
[root@oraerp1 6078836]# ls -l /usr/lib/libdb.so.2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5825 Nov 27 11:38 /usr/lib/libdb.so.2
[root@oraerp1 6078836]# 

- This is because there is missing library file which is required for R12 Install


>> Run xhost + command to enable GUI windows:

[root@oraerp1 ~]# xhost +
access control disabled, clients can connect from any host
[root@oraerp1 ~]# 

>> Create stage Area:

There are two ways we can create stage for R12
1. Stage using script adautostage.pl from start here CD
2. Manual stage - create directories and copy media as listed below

[root@oraerp1 Dumps]# cd R12.1.1_X86/
[root@oraerp1 R12.1.1_X86]# ls
oraAppDB  oraApps  oraAS  oraDB  startCD
[root@oraerp1 R12.1.1_X86]# 

startCD  - copy Start Here Disk
oraApps  - copy APPL_TOP Disk1, Disk2
oraAS    - copy TOOLS Disk
oraDB    - copy RDBMS Disk
oraAppDB - copy Databases Disk1 to Disk9 

- I have created the stage area in an external drive

>> Install oracle E-business suite R12.1.1:

>> Run rapidwiz from the satge area

[root@oraerp1 Disk1]# cd rapidwiz/
[root@oraerp1 rapidwiz]# ls
adautostg.pl   driver  images  oui           RapidWiz.ini         template
bin            etc     jlib    rapidwiz      RapidWizVersion      unzip
ClientWiz.cmd  File    jre     RapidWiz.cmd  RapidWizVersion.cmd
[root@oraerp1 rapidwiz]# pwd
/media/DATA_STORE/Dumps/R12.1.1_X86/startCD/Disk1/rapidwiz
[root@oraerp1 rapidwiz]# ./rapidwiz

This article will be helpful for the beginners who want to learn how to Install oracle E-business suite R12.1.1 on Linux platform on their personal computers/laptops and also for those who want to deploy in an Enterprise server environment.
















































This article will be helpful for the beginners who want to learn how to Install oracle E-business suite R12.1.1 on Linux platform on their personal computers/laptops and also for those who want to deploy in an Enterprise server environment.

11gR2 install fails with “Hard Limit: maximum user processes” error

Just finished dealing with “Hard Limit: maximum user processes” error on Open Solaris 10 while installing 11gR2:

Oracle Metalink was useless — total waste of time — I hate that site now, it’s gone completely into the crapper.

SOLUTION 

1) edit /etc/system as follows:

set shmsys:shminfo_shmmax=12025908428
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmni=100
set shmsys:shminfo_shmseg=10
set semsys:seminfo_semmni=100
set semsys:seminfo_semmns=1024
set shmsys:shminfo_shmmin=1
set max_nprocs=30000
set maxuprc=16384

2) setup project for oracle user (if it’s already setup then just ignore the duplicate error while running projadd command):

projadd -U oracle user.oracle
projmod -s -K "project.max-sem-ids=(priv,100,deny)" user.oracle
projmod -s -K "process.max-sem-nsems=(priv,256,deny)" user.oracle
projmod -s -K "project.max-shm-memory=(priv,12025908428,deny)" user.oracle
projmod -s -K "project.max-shm-ids=(priv,100,deny)" user.oracle
projmod -s -K "process.max-file-descriptor=(priv,65536,deny)" user.oracle

3) bounce the box:

init 6

Here’s how to check for the setting:

## before above changes were applied
##
$ kstat|grep v_proc
        v_proc                          16362
$
 
$ kstat |grep v_maxup
        v_maxup                         16357
        v_maxupttl                      16357
$
 
## after changes/reboot
##
 
$ kstat|grep v_proc
        v_proc                          30000
$
 
$ kstat |grep v_maxup
        v_maxup                         16384
        v_maxupttl                      29995
$

How to Identify OS or Oracle 64 bit or 32 bit

How to Identify OS or Oracle 64 bit or 32 bit on Unix
---------------------------------------------------------------
It is very common question which version of oracle I need to install. 32 bit or 64 bit? As a 64-bit operating system can support either a 32-bit database or a 64-bit database. A 32-bit operating system cannot support a 64-bit database. So, version identification of the OS is necessary prior to install oracle. The following procedure will hopefully help you.

Check whether OS is 64 bit or 32 bit.
-----------------------------------------
On Solaris,

SQL> !/usr/bin/isainfo -kv
64-bit amd64 kernel modules

SQL> !/usr/bin/isainfo -v
64-bit amd64 applications
cx16 mon sse3 pause sse2 sse fxsr mmx cmov amd_sysc cx8 tsc fpu
32-bit i386 applications
cx16 mon sse3 pause sse2 sse fxsr mmx cmov sep cx8 tsc fpu

This output tells us that solaris operating systems allow co-existence of 32-bit and 64-bit files.

On AIX,
$ getconf -a | grep KERN
$ file /usr/lib/boot/unix*
On Linux,

On HP-UX,
/usr/bin/ getconf KERNEL_BITS
/usr/bin/file /stand/vmunix

On linux,

$uname -a
Linux debian 2.6.18-4-686 #1 SMP Wed May 9 23:03:12 UTC 2007 i686 GNU/Linux

If the output is x86_64 then 64-bit and i686 or similar for 32-bit.

On windows,

Start>All Programs>accessories> System Tools>System Information>look for under System summary.

Or start>run>dixdiag>Then check for WHQL digital signature.

Determine of whether Oracle Software is 32 bit or 64 bit.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Method 1:
--------------
Go to $ORACLE_HOME/bin and see.

# cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
# file oracle
oracle: ELF 64-bit LSB executable AMD64 Version 1, dynamically linked, not stripped

Here it comes 64 bit and hence oracle software is 64 bit. If the output of the "file oracle" command does not say 64-bit explicitly then you are running 32-bit Oracle.

If you had 32 bit oracle software installed then output will be like,

oracle@sol:/db/oracle/bin$ file oracle
oracle: setuid setgid ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), not stripped

Method 2:
----------------------
Log on to SQL*plus and see the banner.

-bash-3.00$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.2.0 - Production on Thu May 15 02:50:37 2008

Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All Rights Reserved.

Connected to:
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.2.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Data Mining options

Method 3:Query from v$version.
-------------------------------------
sys@THERAP> select * from v$version;

BANNER
----------------------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.2.0 - Prod
PL/SQL Release 10.2.0.2.0 - Production
CORE 10.2.0.2.0 Production
TNS for Solaris: Version 10.2.0.2.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 10.2.0.2.0 - Production

Method 4: Check for lib, lib32
--------------------------------------

1) $ORACLE_HOME/lib32
2) $ORACLE_HOME/lib

If the two directories $ORACLE_HOME/lib32 and $ORACLE_HOME/lib are existing then it is 64 bit.

If there is only an ORACLE_HOME/lib directory then it is 32 bit client.

Common NFS errors on Linux server

Common NFS errors & solutions:

1."Server Not Responding" Message
2.  "Access Denied" Message
3."Permission Denied" Message
4.  "Device Busy" Message

Error 1: If You Receive an NFS "Server Not Responding" Message

ping the nfs server from client

1.ping "nfs serer name or ip"

2./usr/bin/rpcinfo -p servername

The rpcinfo command should display the following processes:

    * portmap
    * nfs
    * mountd
    * status
    * nlockmgr
    * llockmgr

If any of these processes is not running, follow the below steps:


a.Make sure the /etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf file on the NFS server contains the following lines:

NFS_SERVER=1
START_MOUNTD=1

b.Make sure that the /etc/inetd.conf file on the NFS server does not contain a line to start rpc.mountd. 
If it does, make sure the START_MOUNTD variable in /etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf is set to 0.

c.Issue the following command on the NFS server to start all the necessary NFS processes:

#/sbin/init.d/nfs.server start

Error 2: If You Receive an "Access Denied" Message

a.check the FS is exported or not

#/usr/sbin/showmount -e server_name

(If it is not exported means u have to edit /etc/exports file in NFS server and put the necessary entry and 
then run the command
/usr/sbin/exportfs -a)

Error 3 :If You Receive a "Permission Denied" Message

a.Check the mount options in the /etc/fstab file on the NFS client. A directory you are attempting to write to may have 
been mounted read-only.

b.Issue the ls -l command to check the HP-UX permissions on the server directory and on the client directory 
that is the mount point. You may not be allowed access to the directory.

c.Issue the following command on the NFS server:

/usr/sbin/exportfs

Or, issue the following command on the NFS client:

/usr/sbin/showmount -e server_name

d. Check the export permissions on the exported directory. The directory may have been exported read-only to your client.
The system administrator of the NFS server can use the remount mount 
option to mount the directory read/write without unmounting it

Error 4 : If You Receive a "Device Busy" Message

a.If you received the "device busy" message while attempting to mount a directory, try to access the mounted directory. 
  If you can access it, then it is already mounted.
  
b.If you received the "device busy" message while attempting to unmount a directory, a user or process is currently using the directory. Wait until the process completes, or follow these steps:
 
 1.Issue the following command to determine who is using the mounted directory:

       /usr/sbin/fuser -cu local_mount_point

   The fuser(1M) command will return a list of process IDs and user names that are currently using the directory 
   mounted under local_mount_point. This will help you decide whether to kill the processes or wait for them to complete.

 2. To kill all processes using the mounted directory, issue the following command:

            /usr/sbin/fuser -ck local_mount_point

 3. Try again to unmount the directory

vncserver: couldn’t find “xauth” on your PATH

Well, Solaris complains this when I am creating VNC server, all right, it missed some directory in $PATH, fix them by following steps:

PATH=$PATH:/usr/X/bin:/usr/X11/bin
export PATH

SSH known_hosts issues

Introducton

When a domain has been moved from one server to another an issue with SSH logins may occur. The warning dialog that most SSH programs give looks something like this:

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@    WARNING: REMOTE HOST IDENTIFICATION HAS CHANGED!     @
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
IT IS POSSIBLE THAT SOMEONE IS DOING SOMETHING NASTY!
Someone could be eavesdropping on you right now (man-in-the-middle attack)!
It is also possible that the RSA host key has just been changed.
The fingerprint for the RSA key sent by the remote host is
06:ea:f1:f8:db:75:5c:0c:af:15:d7:99:2d:ef:08:2a.
Please contact your system administrator.
Add correct host key in /home/user/.ssh/known_hosts to get rid of this message.
Offending key in /home/user/.ssh/known_hosts:4
RSA host key for domain.com has changed and you have requested strict checking.
Host key verification failed.

The SSH program will print this message and often exit, prohibiting the user from connecting to the suspicious site. This problem arises when a site has changed servers, and the new server RSA key which is transmitted when authenticating is different from the old server.

Solution

In the case of a migration, you can be reasonably sure that the RSA key change is not an accident, but to connect to the new server you must remove the line in .ssh/known_hosts that corresponds to your domain name. This can be done by editing 'known_hosts' by hand or if your machine has Perl installed you can use this one liner:

perl -p -i -e 's/^example.com.*n//;' ~/.ssh/known_hosts

Substitute your actual domain for example.com making sure to include a backslash before the dot. If you have several domains that have moved you must repeat this step for each one.